Threat Analysis and Risk assessment

Threat Analysis and Risk assessment Case articulation Staysure.co.uk Ltd specialises in insurance and financial services in the UK and Europe. It was formed in 2004 to provide travel insurance and expanded further to provide home, motor, health and life insurance along with some insurance products. In October 2013 Staysure.co.uk faced a security breach wherein over 100,00 live credit card details along with other personal details of the customers were compromised. This security breach affected 7% of the customers who had purchased insurance from Staysure before May 2012. Before May 2012 the firm stored the card numbers of the customers along with the CVV numbers and other personal details like customer name and addresses. The card details were encrypted but the CVV numbers were fed as plain text into the database even though the card security details should not have been stored at all according to the industry rules. The chief executive of the company said that these details were stored in the system to help customers in their renewal process. After May 2012 the company ceased storing these details. The server on which the website server was based had a software vulnerability and even though a software patch was published in 2010 and 2013 the data controller failed to update software both the times due to lack of formal process to review and apply software updates. The failure to update the database software and the security flaws in the IT security system made the company very vulnerable to a cyber-attack. The security flaws in the companys JBoss Application web server were exploited between 14th and 28th October 2013. The attacker used the vulnerability in the application server to inject a malicious JavaScript code called JSPSpy on the firms website. JSPSpy enabled the attackers to remotely view and modify the source code of the website and query the database containing the details of the customers. It also let the attackers open a command shell allowing them to remotely execute privileged operating system commands. The attackers specifically targeted and downloaded the payment card details. Even though the card numbers were encrypted the attackers were able to identify the keys used in the encryption and hence could decrypt the card numbers. At the time of the attack the database contained a total of 110,096 live card details, which were at a risk of being accessed and used in fraudulent transactions. The firm became aware of the attack on 14th November 2013 and immediately hired in dependent forensic data experts and wrote to 93,389 affected customers, to make them aware of the attack. The company also offered the affected customers free access to Data Patrol, which is an identity fraud monitoring service. After the attack Staysure was fined with an amount of  £175,00 by the   ICO since the company did not comply to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) , which is a standard administered by PCI Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) to increase payment card security and decrease the transaction frauds over the internet. References: http://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/staysure-fails-to-comply-with-the-pci-dss-and-is-fined-175000-by-the-ico/ http://www.insurancetimes.co.uk/broker-fined-175000-by-information-watchdog-after-cyber-criminals-raid-customer-records/1411917.article http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/21002/cyber-crime/staysure-hacked.html https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2015/02/ico-fines-insurance-firm-after-hacked-card-details-used-for-fraud/ http://www.insuranceage.co.uk/insurance-age/news/2396976/staysure-fined-gbp175k-for-it-security-failings http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2321017/staysure-travel-insurer-admits-to-credit-card-theft http://trainsure.com/news-posts/insurance-times-reports-another-cyber-attack/ http://www.moneywise.co.uk/news/2014-01-06/staysure-insurance-customer-data-stolen-hackers http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-vendors/travel-insurer-reveals-almost-100000-customer-details-in-cyber-attack-3495625/ Threat Analysis and Risk assessment The purpose of threat analysis and risk assessment is to maximize the protection of the three main pillars of security namely confidentiality, Integrity and Accessibility while still providing usability and functionality. A Risk to any organization or an individual is an interactive relationship of threat, asset and vulnerability. The various levels of risk can be represented as the product of the impact and probability (likelihood). Quantitative Measure Qualitattive Measure Description 5 High A high level risk can occur frequently and can have a drastic effect on the organization. Sever measures will be needed in order to mitigate a high level risk. 4 Medium High A medium high risk can occur/recur with high probability but might not persist. If it occurs the organization can have a significant or sever effect. 3 Medium A medium level risk is likely to occur   under many circumstances and if a medium level attack occurs it can have moderate to severe effects on the organization. 2 Low Medium A low medium risk can be considered when the organization will have a minor or moderate impact as a result of an attack. A low medium risk can occur occasionally or might not occur at all and can be mitigated easily. 1 Low The risk is considered to be low when the likelihood of an attack on an entity is low and the impact of the attack on the entity is negligible or minor. Low risks will never or rarely happen and can be mitigated easily. Table 1: Risk Rating Scale Figure1. Figure 1 shows a risk matrix which represents the various levels of risk. A vulnerability is a weakness in the system that can be exploited by an attacker or can be unintentionally triggered by a person within the organization. The likelihood is the possibility that any vulnerability will be taken advantage of or the vulnerability will be triggered by someone unintentionally. The likelihood is related to attackers intent, attackers ability and attackers target. If a certain vulnerability is exploited the impact on an organization can be expressed in terms like Negligible, Minor, Moderate, Significant, Severe. The table below shows a risk assessment architecture for Staysure.co.uk. The Firm had several security flaws in the system, which the attackers exploited to gain access to customer information. Asset Threat Vulnerability Threat Actor Threat vector Consequences Likeli hood Impact Risk Customer Personal details Can be assessed and manipulated The database had no security procedure in place hence the data was highly accessible. Hackers or a person within the organization (insider). Gaining access to the database by getting access to the webserver or SQL injections. Personal   details of the employees like name, address, phone can be accessed and used or even modified. Possible (3/5) Significant (4/5) Medium High Company website Source code of the website can be modified and malicious code can be injected and made to run on the browser (Cross site scripting). Cross site scripting can be performed on the website if security measures are not taken care of while developing the website. Hackers or an insider. Web pages Malicious code can be injected into the web pages thus allowing access to the web server and the database. Very Likely (5/5) Severe   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (5/5) High Data controllers system No intrusion detection system. A system with no proper security measures can be easily penetrated. Hackers or an insider trying to get unauthorized access. Backdoor created in the web server. Getting access to the data controllers system enables the threat actor to execute Privileged operating system commands Very likely (5/5) Severe (5/5) High Financial card details Storing financial data incorrectly. Unencrypted card details stored in the database Hackers or an insider trying to get unauthorized access. Web site source code can be used to query the database Card details can be used to make fraudulent transaction and cloning. Very likely (5/5) Severe (5/5) High Encryption key Encryption algorithms   can be used to calculate the encryption key Simple encryption algorithm used to form an encryption key. Hackers or an insider. Reverse engineering. If the encryption key is compromised all the encrypted data can be decrypted. Possible (3/5) Severe (5/5) Medium High CVV number Storing CVV numbers in the database is a high risk. CVV numbers if not encrypted can be easily read if the attacker gets access to the database. Hackers or an insider. Web site source code can be used to query the database for CVV numbers. CVV numbers can be used to prove authentication while doing online transactions. Very likely (5/5) Severe (5/5) High JBoss Application Server Unpatched and out of date softwares and no intrusion detection system Scripts can be uploaded to the server which when executed gives remote administration access to the server. Hackers or an unauthorised insider. Backdoors created on the server via malicious script. Once administration access is acquired on the server various admin activities can be initiated and the hosted web servers can be accessed. Likely (4/5) Severe (5/5) High Database Database injections and unmanaged data The data in the database can highly vulnerable to SQL injections and can be highly inconsistent. Hackers SQL injections Data can be erased and stolen from the database and used in a fraudulent manner. Likely (4/5) Severe (5/5) High https://www.towergateinsurance.co.uk/liability-insurance/smes-and-cyber-attacks remove later http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/how-to-prevent-cross-site-scripting-attacks/ remove later Security Architecture Figure: 2 Figure 2 shows security architecture for Staysure during the time of the attack Security Recommendations Staysure.co.uk had no security policies in place which can be sited as the base for the cyber-attack. Being an insurance company and holding personal records of millions of customers the company should have had security procedures in place. It is important that the employees of a company are trained and made aware of the importance of information data security. The fact that the attackers took advantage of the software vulnerability in the JBoss application server even though there were patches available to fix the vulnerabilities shows the ignorance of the data controller towards information security. Table 2 lists security recommendations which would have prevented the attack. Security Recommendations Descriptions Security policies Security policies is an integral part of any organization. Staysure being an insurance company and handling millions of customer records should have had strict company security policies which could have prevented the attack. Security training and awareness The employees of Staysure were clearly not aware of the importance of data security and management. The employees should have been provided good data security and data management training and made aware of information security. Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) add appendix When an organization handles personal records of customers it is necessary that the organization follows certain industry standards for data storage. According to PCI DSS the CVV numbers should not have been stored in the database. If the standards were followed the attack would not have a major impact. Data storage and data security Data storage has both physical and logical security aspects.   The logical aspect being data authorization, authentication and encryption. The physical aspects include the place in which the servers are placed, it should be safe from heat-waves, power fluctuations and other physical elements. In case of Staysure the payment card details and the CVV numbers should have been encrypted with a strong encryption algorithm from the very beginning and the database server should have had an intrusion detection and prevention system which would have prevented access to the database. Patch management Unpatched systems and softwares pose a big threat to an organization. The most efficient way to shield from attacks is to have patch management procedure to make sure that all the systems and softwares are patched on regular basis. If Staysure had patched the vulnerabilities in the Jboss application server and software, the attackers would not have been able to exploit the vulnerability. DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) The servers that are faced towards the public should be kept in the DMZ, so that they can be separated from the private network. If a malicious party gains access to the server, he will be isolated in the DMZ and will not be able to attack the private network. If Staysure had a DMZ the attackers would not be able to access data on the private network. Encryption Encrypting any valuable information of customers is necessary in order to protect customer data from being accessible and using a strong encryption key is vital to serve the purpose of encryption. The data controller should have had made sure to encrypt the CVV and the card number and should have used a strong encryption key. IDS Staysure should have had Intrusion detection systems   so that the intrusion by the attacker could have been detected and would alert the authorities thus preventing high impact Firewalls Prevention of human errors http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSTFWG_4.3.1/com.ibm.tivoli.itcm.doc/CMPMmst20.htm patch management policy. High level security diagram to prevent attacks

A Child Called IT Essay -- essays research papers

A Child Called IT What did I learn from this book? The only thing that comes to mind when I'm asked that question is pain. I didn't know what real pain was until I tried to understand what this child went through. Everything that meant anything to him, his family, those who should be the closest, was drowned out. He didn't know what to think and so often in the world today, we are naive. We don't have a clue of how life could be, and of how lucky we truly are to have the kinds of backgrounds that we were blessed with. On a more professional note, I learned that this type of obsession can take over one's life until they don't know what is real anymore. All they have in their mind is their uncontrolled illusion. It is really hard to not get angry at these people. One must realize that they...

Engineering Hours Accounting System Essay

Introduction Avitronics is a medium sized engineering company that produces components for the aerospace industry. Employees keep track of the hours they work on different projects and at the end of the week turn in a timecard with this information on it. The company can take up to roughly 12 contracts a year; each of these contracts is assigned a ‘Job-Code’. The Current System At present each employee keeps track of their hours using their own system. This could be as informal as a rough tally on a scrap of paper. At the end of the week, the employees fill their hours into a formal timecard, which is handed in and tallied by a clerk. Objectives of The New System Mr. Salomon (the chief accountant) would like a system with data entry forms so that each employee can input their own hours into the system at the end of each week. He would like to have pull-down menus for the job-codes, so that clumsy engineers entering complicated codes do not make mistakes. Hours should be rounded to the nearest quarter-hour. Data entry should be quick and simple. Each individual employee should not be able to see the hours worked by everyone else. The information should be sent to a database from Mr. Salomon can produce reports. He wants to be able to get a report that shows how many hours each employee works each week (these should be sorted by employee number). Mr. Salomon would also like to have a graphical report, which shows the total number of hours worked each week against each contract. He would like to start a fresh new system at the start of each year. Mr. Salomon would also like an easy to understand user guide, which should include complete instructions for a novice, using no jargon. Performance Indicators My solution will have to: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees’ hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees’ time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. If all of these criteria are met then my solution will be successful. Design Choice of Software A Spreadsheet is the best solution to the problem because I can use the software well already and I know how to solve the problem using this software. I have chosen to use Microsoft Excel because it is the most common piece of spreadsheet software in general use. I could use an equivalent spreadsheet package from a different company, but this may not be compatible with Mr. Salomon’s computer. Features of Excel that make it ideal for solving the problem: * Ability to create a blank template * Pivot tables to create sophisticated reports with graphs * Formatting to help make it clear to the user where to enter data * Macros to automate various functions * Macros which will execute automatically on opening and closing workbooks * Validation and Protection of cells to prevent tampering and errors Systems Overview My system will be based on one workbook, with three sheets (excluding reports). The Hours Entry sheet will be the main input form, where employees will enter the hours they have worked, on what days and on which contract. The Admin Options Sheet is where the Administrator changes Contract numbers and groups, he/she also sets the week beginning date. The database sheet is where reports and charts will be produced form. Detailed Design Follows on the next 6 pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Workbook and Sheet Discussion Hours Entry Sheet – This sheet is designed to let the employees enter their hours in a quick and simple way. It is important to keep it simple so that employees do not become disgruntled and frustrated with the system. This sheet has a simple colour scheme that distinguishes input cells from cells where input is not required. Combo boxes are used to keep certain aspects simple and to prevent mistakes. Buttons are used to execute macros that clear the sheet and transfer relevant data to the spreadsheet. As hours have to be recorded by the closest quarter-of-an-hour, I have used a ‘ceiling’ formula in the total cells to prevent mistakes being made when data is transferred to the database. Admin Options Sheet – This sheet contains any options the administrator may need to set concerning the system He/She can add/remove contracts and add/remove groups of workers. At the start of each working week He/She has to set the ‘Week Beginning date’ that is needed throughout the system, it is essential they enter this date correctly. The colour scheme for this sheet is simple, every cell is white, input cells have borders to distinguish them form non-input cells. This sheet contains two buttons that execute macros: – Protect Workbook – This macro opens up the protect workbook dialog, where the administrator can protect the whole workbook, with the exception with cells that are not ‘Locked’ (input cells). – Start New Year – This macro erases all the data in the workbook, and prepares the system for a new year. A warning box automatically pops up when this button is clicked to warn the user that they will be deleting all entered data from the previous year. This is to prevent all the data being removed accidentally. Database Sheet – This sheet contains all the data that has been transferred from the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. It contains – Employee #, Hours Worked for each employee. – Job Code, Hours Worked for each contract. From this data, an employee report can be created, this is a report listing all the employees, and the number they have worked in a given week. From this data, a contract report can be created; this is a report listing all the contracts and the number of hours worked on them for a given week. From this data a contract graph can be created, this is a graph showing the number of hours worked for a given contract over the past month (4 weeks). These outputs will need to look professional and be suitable for their purpose. Data entry and Validation These are the fields in which data will be entered into my system: Last Name – The employee will type this in. I chose this method, as there is no reasonable alternative. Employee # – This will be typed in by the employee. I chose this method because there is no reasonable alternative. Employee number is a four-digit number. This cell will be validated so that numbers bigger than 9999 are not accepted; also text is prevented from being entered. I use this validation so that problems do not occur further on the process, when reports sorted by employee number are being produced. Group – The user will select this via a combo box this ensures no typographical errors are made when typing it in. I am choosing to use a drop down box as there are few options for the employee to choose from. Job-Code – This will be selected from a drop down box to prevent typographical errors being made. If it were a plain cell, with no validation or input aids, if an error was made it could cause unwanted consequences throughout the system. Monday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Tuesday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Wednesday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Thursday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Friday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Saturday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Sunday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. User Aids to Operation User Aids to Operation that I have used are combo boxes, and buttons that execute useful macros. Combo boxes assist the user with entering data when there are only a few options to choose from. They also help prevent mistakes from being made when typing out something complicated. For example in my system, the user uses a combo-box to select a job code, if they had to type every job code in it is more than likely that every week several mistakes would be made. By using combo-boxes I have eliminated the probability of this occurring. By using buttons that execute macros I have enabled the employees to enter their hours in a simple entry form. If I did not use macros then each individual would have to type hours into the database, this could cause a huge number of problems for the company. Protection Sheet 1, Hours Entry Sheet The following cells on this sheet will NOT be protected: C6, Last Name C5, Employee # C10:C16, Monday’s Hour Entry Cells D10:D16, Tuesday’s Hour Entry Cells E10:E16, Wednesday’s Hour Entry Cells F10:F16, Thursday’s Hour Entry Cells G10:G16, Friday’s Hour Entry Cells H10:H16, Saturday’s Hour Entry Cells I10:I16, Sunday’s Hour Entry Cells These cells will not be protected because when I protect the sheet, I want them to be ‘editable’. Eg the employees need to enter data into them. Macros Transfer_Macro – This macro will be executed from a button on the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. The macro transfers required data from this sheet into the database. After it has transferred the data it will return the user to the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’, where they can exit the spreadsheet when they are ready. If the transfer is completed successfully then a message box will popup saying ‘Transfer Successful’. Create_Employees_Report – This macro will create a report on the employees. It will copy selected data from the database, paste it into a new sheet and format it appropriately. The report will show the employee number, last name, hours worked for each week for each employee stored in the database. Create_Contracts_Graph – This macro will use selected data from the database to create a graph showing how many hours are spent on each job code over a period of weeks. The graph will show all of the job-codes and all of the data about each job code that is stored in the database. Auto_Open – This will execute automatically when the spreadsheet is opened, it shows the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’ and clear all of the white input cells. It will select the ‘Employee #’ input box ready for the user to begin. Clear – This macro clears all of the white input cells in the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. If the employee enters a few mistakes or realises he has entered totally wrong data, instead of having to delete every piece of data separately he/she can simply click the button that executes this macro. Protect_Workbook – This macro will be executed via a button on the ‘Admin Options’ page, this will hide all menus and the taskbar and take the user to the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. It will also run the ‘Clear’ macro so that the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’ is always blank when it shows up. Start_New_Year – This macro erases all data from the database ready for the system to begin a new year. The employees and job codes will stay on the admin options page as it would be unreasonable to assume that all the jobs were finished at the end of the last year. Data Flow Diagram Testing Test Strategy This is what my solution is required to do, as outlined in the Performance Indicators section of the Analysis: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees’ hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees’ time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. Here is an outline of the tests I will have to carry out on my spreadsheet: * Does my system open correctly? * Ensure that the Database and Admin sections are hidden from the employees. * Ease of Use, as little complications as possible. * Tests of Validation (effects of incorrect/extreme data entry) * Tests of Protection * Accurate calculation of hours * Does my spreadsheet cause problems after closing? Test Plan The following tests will be performed: Basic Function Tests: 1. Open my spreadsheet. 2. Add data as outlined in test data set 1. 3. Test the ‘Submit Hours’ button. 4. Add data as outlined in test data set 2. 5. Test the ‘Clear Form’ Button. 6. Add data as outlined in test data set 3. 7. Test the ‘Submit Hours’ button. 8. Test the ‘Exit System’ button. 9. Reopen the spreadsheet. 10. Try entering data from test data set 4. 11. Try entering data in a locked cell (eg. The cell containing the word ‘Group’ and the cell containing the word ‘Totals’). Admin Function Tests: 12. Open my spreadsheet. 13. Test ‘Admin Options’ button, enter password from test data set 5. 14. Test ‘Admin Options’ button, enter password from test data set 6. 15. Test the ‘Enter New Employee’ button. Enter the data as outlined in test data set 7. 16. Select cell ‘F19’, Test the ‘Delete Job Code’ button. 17. Select cell ‘B11’, click the ‘Delete Job Code’ button. 18. Test the ‘Enter New Job-Code’ button, enter the data as outlined in test data set 8. 19. Test the ‘Enter New Job-Code’ button. 20. Test the ‘Create Contract-Chart’ button. 21. Test the ‘Employee Report’ button. 22. Test the ‘Change System Password’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 23. Test the ‘Protect System’ button. 24. Test the ‘Admin Options’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 6. Error massage should appear. 25. Test the ‘Admin Options’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 26. Test the ‘Change System Password’ button; enter the original password again as outlined in test data set 6. 27. Test the ‘Start New Year’ button. 28. Click ‘File’ then ‘Exit’ please do not save any changes to the spreadsheet. Jonathan Stamp – ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17 Jonathan Stamp – ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17

The Debate Of Cell Phones - 1620 Words

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Therefore, the debate regarding children using cellphones whether or not has created differentRead MorePros Of Cell Phones At School755 Words   |  4 PagesCirelli, Cheryl. â€Å"Pros of cell phones in school.† Retrieved from http://cellphones.Lovetoknow.co Cheryl Cirelli’s â€Å"Pros of cell phones in school† is an excellent resource for debating in favor of cellphones in school. It offers examples and evidence to the topic of cellphones in the classroom. Cirelli explains that cellphones are not only an instant form of communication, but also a learning aid. In addition, cellphones can be used as a collaboration tool for group projects. Overall, she supports

Poetry Donne’s Metaphysical Work - 1180 Words

Donne is Innocent As William Wordsworth so rightly said, â€Å"Poetry is the first and last of all knowledge-it is as immortal as the heart of man†. Its themes are the simplest experiences of life: sorrow and joy, love and hate, peace and war. Yet they are equally the boldest formations, the most complex classifications and studies of reason if the poet is able to carry sensation into these poems, forming them into passionate experiences through vivid and moving imagery. For uncertain or inexperienced readers not prepared for understatement and subtleties, Donne’s poetry acts as a vivid recruiting device. Such readers need to be grabbed by the shoulders and shaken by the strenuousness of Donne’s metaphysical conceits in order to truly delight†¦show more content†¦Regardless of one’s personal beliefs, a poet of Donne’s intensity can teach readers and make them feel hints of what it would be like to occupy so paradoxical a faith. Though Samuel Johnson described Donne’s metaphysical work as â€Å"A kind of discordia concors; a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike† causing a shock to the reader by the strangeness of the objects compared, T.S. Eliot argued such work fuses reason with passion; it shows a unification of thought and feeling which later becomes separated into a ‘dissociation of sensibility’. Looking into metaphysical poetry’s history, one can see that a ‘Metaphysical strand’ had run through the Medieval love poetry of which the Elizabethan sonnets are descended from, achieving its greatest development in the poems of Dante and his school. It was then forced under the rhetoric and subtleties of expression instead of thought in Petrarch and lost itself in the pseudo-metaphysical indulgences of poets like Serafino. Donne was not a conscious reviver of Dante’s metaphysics. Rather, in respon se to the popular fashion in Europe of forming elaborate conceits and hyperboles, he presented not only a sharp mind but a large reserve of the same scholastic education and Catholic theology that directed Dante’s thought, already creating tension with the new discoveries of his age. The results are shocking andShow MoreRelatedThe word Wit has multiple definitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive poetic style. Definitions for wit include: â€Å"the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of those connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure† (Dictionary.com 2014) and â€Å"understanding, intelligence, or sagacity, astuteness† (Dictionary.com 2014). In this paper I will unpack the main features of metaphysical poetry and explore the relevance of wit and conceit in relation to John Donne’s works. Furthermore, I willRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words   |  7 PagesFeras Mohammed Awaga Grade 11 B Metaphysical Poetry According to English language, when metaphysical is divided into two words ‘meta’ is defined as after and physical remains as it is. Thus metaphysical means after the physical. The definition above was according to English language, however according to poetry is†¦. Many poets got involved in metaphysical poetry like: Samuel Johnson who wrote his book which is known as ‘’Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets’’, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvel, RichardRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry of John Donne1441 Words   |  6 Pagesof John Donne’s metaphysical poetry includes analysis of Donne’s use of topic, structure, scansion, style and theme. John Donne is known as one of the best writers of metaphysical poetry, a genre of poetry that is characterized specifically by themes of knowledge, intellect, and having a somewhat unrecognizable meter or rhyme. Metaphysical poetry forsakes pure and genial nature of other Elizabethan poets. Paradox , juxtaposition, and philosophy are few of many recurring ideas of metaphysical poems.Read MoreJohn Donne: An Influential English Poet957 Words   |  4 Pagesimpacted the writing field through his works. In the first half of 1572 (actual date is unknown) he was born in London to John Donne, a merchant, and Elizabeth Heywood Donne, the daughter of the poet and playwright John Heywood. His father died when Donne was about four years old. His younger brother, Henry, also died in John Donne’s early life. John Donne was raised in a Catholic family. Both of his parents were devout Roman Catholics. During Donne’s early adult life he converted to AnglicanismRead MoreCritical Appreciation Of T. S. Eliot s The Metaphysical Poets1382 Words   |  6 Pagesof T. S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets† T. S. Eliot’s essay â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets† was first published in The Times literary Supplement, 1031 (1921) and reprinted in Homage to John Dryden  (1924) and Selected Essays  (1932). It was published as a review of J.C. Grierson’s Edition of Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the 17th  Century.  The essay possesses a high critical value and significance. Eliot begins the essay by praising Grierson’s scholarly edition of Metaphysical lyrics and Poems of theRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry1246 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphysical Poetry: Much More Than Wit The two main views of metaphysical poetry, as composed by poets A.E. Housman and T.S. Eliot, are vastly different. Eliot’s view of metaphysical poetry is a very positive and respectful one. He admires the uniqueness of the metaphysical poets when he describes them as â€Å"reflective poets† as opposed to merely intellectual ones. Eliot says they have the ability to â€Å"feel their thought as immediately as the odor of a rose,† compared to the strictly thought-drivenRead MoreComparative Study of Texts - Module a (Hsc) - W; T and John Donne1365 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the differences in context, a comparative study of the poetry of John Donne and Margaret Edson’s play, ‘W;t’, is essential for a more complete understanding of the values and ideas presented in ‘W;t’. Discuss this with close reference to both texts. When deconstructing the text ‘W;t’, by Margaret Edson, a comparative study of the poetry of John Donne is necessary for a better conceptual understanding of the values and ideas presented in Edson’s ‘W;t’. Through this comparative studyRead MoreTHE MAIN FEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE1637 Words   |  7 PagesFEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE The term metaphysical poetry is used to describe a certain type of 17th century poetry. Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man. It means that the poetry is about showing knowledge and thoughts from different areas of experience, especially about love, romantic and sensual; about mans relationship with God and about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyricRead MoreWriting At The University Of Sydney1506 Words   |  7 Pageslisteners to this week’s podcast of The Poet’s Voice, where we like to believe that poetry is language at its most distilled and powerful. I am your weekly host, Judy Robinson and this week, we are joined by the distinguished Professor Brianne Dwyer, who is currently lecturing Creative Writing at the University of Sydney. In today’s segment, guest Brianne Dwyer will be focusing on the influential and prodigious metaphysical poetry movement, most potent in the 15th to 16th Centuries. Thank you for that kindRead MoreJohn Donne Love Poetry1442 Words   |  6 Pageslies is that, in poetry, all facts and all beliefs cease to be true or false and become interesting possibilities†¦It may not, perhaps, be absolutely necessary that he believe it, but it is certainly necessary that his emotions be deeply involved, and this they can never be unless, as a man, he takes it more seriously than as a mere poetic convenience.† It is Donne’s sensibility and his personal experiences which are revealed with a vibrancy of language in his love and religious poetry that make him

Russia and Latin Americas Responses to Industrialization ...

In the 19th century, Russia and Latin America responded similarly to industrialization in the formation of a growing middle class, in a â€Å"boom† in exports and new economic ties, in urbanization, and in similar acts of revolutionary disobedience against a dictator. Latin America, as a result of industrialization, created a small market for manufactured goods unlike Russia’s vast industrial market powered by foreign investments. Also, there were long-term effects to Russia’s revolution in which a socialist political party was created as a result of industrialization, unlike Latin America which was immobilized with regional conflicts and factionalism. The globalization of industrialization began in Britain, spread throughout continental†¦show more content†¦This contributed to large-scale strikes that inspired a group of intellectual Russians, founded in the concepts of Marxist socialism, to make plans for reformation. In the late nineteenth century, these workers began the process of social change in educating laborers, organizing unions, and, later on, taking revolutionary measures to improve workers’ conditions.In addition, workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the cities that were the main focus of industrial enterprises, created their own representative councils (soviets) which organized peasant uprisings, revolts of non-Russians, and student demonstrations. The cause of this unrest was largely due to the tyrannic authority of the tsar, who was a symbol of Russia’s â€Å"backwardness† in that there was no national parliament, legalized political parties, nor nationwide elections due to his absolu te authority. Thus, Russia, as a response to industrialization, experienced an economic â€Å"boom† in their formation of major industries to export goods; in order to develop the new industrial centers, a middle class also grew to encompass the growth of industry. Also, due to the prominent growth of factory workers due to industrialization, revolutions occurred in orderShow MoreRelatedRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 Pagesshared historical experience. 3. Not all Enlightenment thinkers were radicals or atheists. Many, like Voltaire, believed that monarchs could be agents of change. 4. Some members of the European nobility (e.g. Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia) patronized Enlightenment thinkers and used Enlightenment ideas as they reformed their bureaucracies, legal systems, tax systems and economies. At the same time, these monarchs suppressedRead MoreBric Analysis Essay11111 Words   |  45 PagesElliott Armijo Portland State University Sean W. Burges University of Ottawa By most objective metrics, Brazil is the least imposing of the ‘‘BRICs countries’’— less populous than China and India, slower-growing in recent years than China, India, or Russia, and the only member of the group lacking nuclear weapons. We argue that Brazil’s material capabilities are more significant than commonly supposed. Moreover, Brazil’s democratic transition in the mid-1980s, along with that of its neighbors, has forRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pages1860) 1. Why were women prominent in the reform crusades of the early 19th century? What contributions did they make to SOCIAL REFORMS? (10pts) 2. How did each of the following encourage social reform: (15pts) a. 2nd Great Awakening b. Industrialization c. urbanization 3. In what ways did American literature in the early 19th century reflect the New Demacracy of the Jacksonian age? Explain (10pts) a. 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Economics Of Futurity and Vulnerability †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economics Of Futurity and Vulnerability. Answer: Introduction Nicholas Stern influenced some questionable contentions in the United Kingdom to give an account of environmental change. He recommended that as opposed to paying the high cost of an unnatural weather change later on, were are in an ideal situation enduring some genuinely humble costs today . Albeit a few people discovered this contention sensible, others like to oblige the claim that in light of the fact that there is no a significant clarification of the impacts of a worldwide temperature alteration, any measures taken to diminish the arrival of carbon dioxide (CO2) would never be powerful. The marking down of both the futurity and vulnerability is fundamental; in any case, unique bits of proof, for example, the way that the levels of CO2 in the air has altogether ascended to 480 sections for each million (ppm) today from the 280 ppm it was at amid the modern transformation have made futurity a need. In spite of the fact that the utilization rebate rate is high, still we should dim inish the dangers of a conceivable environmental change even with the brought about expenses since its results may outperform our capacities. Effects of climate change, market failure and solutions to global warming In the most recent century, the levels of carbon dioxide in the environment has fundamentally ascended because of the nursery gasses produced by organizations since they have been working in pretty much "free enterprise" markets. "free enterprise" markets have they claim focal points yet for this situation, governments need to get included and take activities rapidly to stop the speed at which the grouping of carbon dioxide in the air is expanding before we end up in a circumstance that will equal any cataclysmic circumstance in the past and future including the most pessimistic scenario of an atomic blast you can envision. It is to our greatest advantage to take measures that will decrease the discharge of CO2 at this phase as opposed to overlooking every one of the notices, imagining that everything is ordinary and confronting the full results of an unnatural weather change later on and what is more terrible is that these outcomes don't show themselves on the double so we can recov er and with them; they happen bit by bit and keep going quite a while, living us reeling, not realizing what to do. Individuals are as yet not frightened; even in the wake of hearing that if the levels of CO2 go from where they are at present at 480 ppm and achieve a grouping of 550 ppm, the world's temperature will see a 2 degrees increment at any rate if still our legislatures and companies don't take genuine measures, at that point when the new century rolled over, things will take a disastrous turn if the levels of CO2 will tripled which will potentially raise the world's temperature to more than 5 degrees centigrade; something that ought not occur so rapidly. At the point when a difference in this size happens too quick, it will carry with it genuine results. Out of the considerable number of nurseries created in internationally, carbon dioxide has the most astounding discharge, and if this keeps on rising, individuals in horticulture will be the first to endure awesome financial lossless as the harvests will significantly lessen. Islands, for example, the Maldives and the Marshall Islands are additionally in peril of elimination as the ascent in temperature will build ocean levels implying that the volume of water in seas will go up (Crugnale, 2016). Further, the ascent in ocean levels could cost Bangladesh a large portion of its domain; however well since generally creating nations are not more often than not esteemed vital by most pioneers, capable nations, for example, the United States will likewise be influenced by the expanded water volumes in seas since Manhattan could likewise sink (New York Magazine, 2016). With more than 5 degr ees centigrade ascent in temperature, the ice sheets Greenland and West Antarctic won't have the capacity to make due as they will soften rapidly and afterward crumple. Extreme tempests will likewise be the standard as high temperatures enlarge their vitality. The marine environments will likewise be in danger because of the high discharges of carbon dioxide and upon assimilation making the corrosive level in seas rise. This will put the employment of many individuals in risk as the passing of coral reefs will mean the demise of numerous businesses such the shellfish and lobster ventures. The natural life will likewise be influenced because of the adjustment in climate designs that will change the vegetation where most creatures live; environmental change will end up being excessively for them and one by one they will begin vanishing. This would be exceptionally terrible on the grounds that it is barbarous to deny anybody of the privilege to learn and see a portion of the colossal creatures we have today, for instance, polar bears who will kick the bucket due to the dissolving Arctic ice. In the case of nothing is done, we will be confronting some of these results when in the following four decades. In the following forty years, our wellbeing won't be flourishing either as the quick way in which atmosphere is changing will build instances of lack of healthy sustenance, diarrheal illnesses and additionally vector-borne infections like jungle fever among others. A large portion of us will at present be alive, so we can't keep on living so unreliably. The consumption discount rate () The term p speaks to the social rate of time inclination; g is the anticipated development rate of normal utilization while is the flexibility of social weight ascribed to an adjustment in utilization (Arrow, 2011). The instinct behind this condition, = + g, is that the rate at which the future effects, particularly misfortunes of future utilization would be marked down to the present ought to be found and adding p to g to ascertain the utilization rebate rate is the most ideal approach to fulfill that. I can't help contradicting the scrutinize that any vulnerability connected to the anticipated development rate of normal utilization (g) brings down the estimation of the utilization rebate rate () in the far off future. In the event that we pass by what this study is inferring, we would be expressing that we are totally certain that people will wind up noticeably terminated in two or three centuries and that the development rate of normal utilization will grind to a halt when that happens. This is not the case in light of the fact that nobody knows when that will happen or on the off chance that it is going happen and past perceptions can't help us either. Advantage cost examinations of environmental change shouldn't be an instrument governments use to attempt and discover pretty much fair responses to strategy addresses and fulfill people in general and entrepreneurs; they ought to be perceived for what they are, unavoidably esteem loaded devices that can assess the outcomes of dif ferent esteem judgements with respect to an Earth-wide temperature boost (Vermeylen, 2013). Consumption discount rate () for Australia Having a lower estimation of (utilization rebate rate) in assessments concerning synthetic an Earth-wide temperature boost is useful to the economy as a higher utilization markdown rate decreases the purchaser's ability to pay the value today keeping in mind the end goal to maintain a strategic distance from the outcomes of environmental change over a century from now (Arizona University, n.d.). Being willing to spend now to evade harms more than an a long time from now will empower the world's economy to develop extensively. The development rate will go from the current 1.2 percent for every year as of now to 1.3 percent in 2200. This will be made conceivable by an expansion in the gross national item (GNP) of 13.8 percent (Arrow, 2011). In spite of the fact that GNP does not gauge advance, it quantifies cost, exertion and money related stream. It is the most exact method for dissecting utilization without forgetting any elements, fiscal or non-money related including the natural h arms we need to pay to settle. The gross national item may not be a decent a famous device in financial aspects to gauge welfare; it is constantly great went it ascends as it implies that cash is being spent and that individuals are getting it which implies that the work rate is high. The ascent in temperature has taken air contamination to calamitous levels because of the quick ascent in ground level ozone which is the aftereffect of an association amongst daylight and warm and the contamination from industrial facilities and autos (Denchak, 2016). We have just observed the results of this with the Great Smog of London in 1952 and much as of late in Beijing. Individuals with asthma and cardiovascular and pneumonic infections won't be capable in these conditions for long. Conclusions There are numerous adaptations of market disappointments in environmental change. Governments have been unreliable by not controlling the outflow of carbon dioxide, and accordingly, the general public's welfare has endured. This has made a negative externality (Greenhouse-gas externality), the primary market disappointment. Outsiders, normally pure destitute individuals have been left to manage the outcomes of an excess of generation of CO2 by enormous companies while they were not some portion of billion dollar bargains that brought about that much creation. The emanation of CO2 is a standout amongst the most unsafe adverse externality out there, and for quite a long time it has not been getting the consideration that it merits and even now a few people still feel that environmental change is a paranoid fear to moderate advancement and influence individuals to pay more assessment. Governments need to intercede to determine the Greenhouse-gas externality and forces directions on the overproduction of CO2 in light of the fact that the vast majority of these enormous enterprises won't successfully unravel this issue as what ties to the environmental change issue are their morals and not monetary ties which make their dedication powerless. The administration of the creation of nursery gasses has not been powerful and strict measures should be taken to maintain a strategic distance from cruel results later on. There are different strides that could be brought to back off environmental change. Supplanting coal and oil with petroleum gas is one of them; utilizing gaseous petrol could significantly lessen the creation of nursery gasses, particularly CO2, cutting outflows by almost 50 percent even as more nations create (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2013). Be that as it may, the substitution should be done painstakingly and different sources, for example, the breeze, atomic and sunlight based should be consolidated with the use of flammable gas as it likewise radiates ozone harming substance since it is a non-renewable energy source. Something else that could is creating advances that are more vitality effective in the generation of merchandise and ventures both on the free market activity side. Concerning supply, innovations to better recuperate warm and limit the creation of an excess of warmth could be produced, notwithstanding advancements that will encourage clean coal forms including boilers, and steam and air turbines. Concerning, organizations need to create effective advances particularly those that customers use for a long stretch, for example, ventilation systems, mechanical dryers and other household apparatuses (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, n.d.). Another answer for environmental change includes moving interest to items that have bring down vitality power. This should be possible by advising and instruction shoppers on the sorts of items that will enable them to utilize less vitality and deal with their vitality utilization. Planting trees could likewise contribute impressively to the decrease of the nearness of CO2 in the climate notwithstanding limiting deforestation. Trees were mean to normally ensure the earth as they ingest carbon dioxide that will be changed over into roots, trunks, leaves, and branches utilizing vitality from the sun amid photosynthesis (Canadell, 2014). More than deforestation, reforestation lessens the levels of CO2 more in light of the fact that, upon development, which does not take long, we guaranteed that trees would ingest CO2 for twenty to fifty years. Governments ought to energize this since it could be something individuals appreciate doing Geologic carbon sequestration is something else that should be possible to take care of the issue of an Earth-wide temperature boost; nonetheless, it is an exceptionally entangled process. Geologic carbon sequestration includes catching carbon dioxide before it is acknowledged into the climate with other nursery gasses, at that point cooling and compacting it into a supercritical express, an express that is not exactly fluid or gas but rather in the middle. After this progression, a system of underground pipelines will convey the CO2 and direct it into a well between a base 3,000 and 15,000 feet into the subsurface rocks (Chow, 2013). In spite of the fact that this arrangement has never been demonstrated, it is went down by the way that gas, brackish water, and oil have been caught into the subsurface for many years and the same should be possible with CO2. These activities would be made significantly more successful by genuine directions, for example, carbon charges and a top and-ex change framework that would control the generation of nursery gasses. The United States is a nation that has a considerable measure of draw over a great deal of nation and president Trump's choice of hauling out of the Paris Climate Accord which makes it hard to fulfill the objectives of the Accord, guaranteeing that the temperature is the glob is kept up well underneath 2 degrees centigrade (McGrath, 2017). Further, the U.S is in charge of 15% of the world's emanation of CO2 and additionally altogether helps creating nations in their endeavors to decrease temperatures monetarily and innovatively. A considerable measure of countries particularly creating ones will that begin reexamining their purposes behind needing moderate down globalization if the pioneer of a super power like the United States believe it's an exercise in futility that is constraining his nation. Accordingly, the estimation of (utilization markdown rate) will increment. For the utilization rebate rate to diminish, we require a social organizer whose fundamental objective is guarant ee and keep up human welfare however much as could be expected as U.S. President Donald Trump has never been that on the grounds that, from the earliest starting point, his position on environmental change was clear. A great deal of nations are not monetarily propelled to decrease an unnatural weather change. Their morals attach them to the issue. So if a super power like the U.S demonstrates that it has no expectation of regarding their good and moral obligation to the planet why should the others, who don't as much to the outflow of nursery gasses come? The U.S ought to have been the one to set the case in Paris, yet the nation's withdrawal implies that it won't hold fast to strategies to lessen the discharge of nursery gasses arrangements to check ozone depleting substance outflow and stop its commitments to the U.N. Green Climate Fund. This will compound the condition of the world's atmosphere significantly more. References Arrow, K., J. (2011). Global Climate Change: A Challenge to Policy. Columbia University Press. Canadell, P. (2014). Plants absorb more CO2 than we thought, but Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/plants-absorb-more-co2-than-we-thought-but-32945 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. (2013). Leveraging natural gas to reduce greenhouse emissions. Retrieved from https://www.c2es.org/publications/leveraging-natural-gas-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Climate Effects on Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm Chow, D. (2013). Trapping Carbon Dioxide Underground: Can We Do It?. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/37906-geologic-carbon-sequestration-climate-change.html Crugnale, J. (2016). The 9 Most Endangered Islands in the World (PHOTOS). Retrieved from https://weather.com/science/environment/news/9-most-endangered-islands-in-the-world Denchak, M. (2016). Are the Effects of Global Warming Really that Bad?. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/are-effects-global-warming-really-bad McGrath, M. (2017). Scientists dispute the 'tiny, tiny' impact of Paris deal. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 McGrath, M. (2017). Five effects of US pullout from Paris climate deal. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 Moxnes, E. (2014). Discounting, climate and sustainability. Ecological Economics, 102, 158-166. Montana Environmental Information Center. (n.d.). Carbon Capture and Sequestration in Montana. Retrieved from https://meic.org/issues/montana-coal-facts/coal-plants-in-montana/carbon-capture-and-sequestration-in-montana/ New York Magazine. (2016). This is New York in the not-so-distant future. Retrieved from https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/09/new-york-future-flooding-climate-change.html United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (n.d.). Energy efficiency technologies and benefits. Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/EEU_Training_Package/Module12.pdf Vermeylen, K. (2013). The Consumption Discount Rate for the Distant Future (If We Do Not Die Out). Amsterdam School of Economics.